Basics of Ancient Greece
Geography of Ancient Greece...
1. Made up of a peninsula and a series of small islands
2. The region is very mountainous and has little farmland
3. The geography made sea trade and travel very important
Greek City States...
1. The mountains forced the Greeks to build city-states instead of one country
2. A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money (basically a mini country)
1. Made up of a peninsula and a series of small islands
2. The region is very mountainous and has little farmland
3. The geography made sea trade and travel very important
Greek City States...
1. The mountains forced the Greeks to build city-states instead of one country
2. A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money (basically a mini country)
Sparta Athens
Government
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Education
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Social Life
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Role of Women
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Military
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What is a Philosopher?
A Philosopher is...
someone who challenges ways of thinking of varies subject such as government, nature, religion, etc.
Ancient Greek Philosophers
A. Socrates (470 - 399 BC)
1. Developed the Socratic method of questioning people in order to:
a. Establish the truth about life
b. To get people to think for themselves instead of relying on superstition and the culture of any society
2. Tried, jailed, and executed for his crime-getting people to think and challenge their minds
"I am the wisest man alive for I know one thing, and that is I know nothing"
someone who challenges ways of thinking of varies subject such as government, nature, religion, etc.
Ancient Greek Philosophers
A. Socrates (470 - 399 BC)
1. Developed the Socratic method of questioning people in order to:
a. Establish the truth about life
b. To get people to think for themselves instead of relying on superstition and the culture of any society
2. Tried, jailed, and executed for his crime-getting people to think and challenge their minds
"I am the wisest man alive for I know one thing, and that is I know nothing"
B. Plato (470 - 347 BC)
1. Wrote The Republic and believed that only a philosopher-king could properly rule a fair and just society
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle"
"He who is of calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are equally a burden" An excerpt from The Republic
1. Wrote The Republic and believed that only a philosopher-king could properly rule a fair and just society
"Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle"
"He who is of calm and happy nature will hardly feel the pressure of age, but to him who is of an opposite disposition youth and age are equally a burden" An excerpt from The Republic
C. Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
1. Established the idea of the "golden mean" - Everything should be done in moderation (not too much, and not too little)
"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it"
"Young people are in a condition like permanent intoxication, because youth is sweet and they are growing" From Nicomachean Ethics
1. Established the idea of the "golden mean" - Everything should be done in moderation (not too much, and not too little)
"It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it"
"Young people are in a condition like permanent intoxication, because youth is sweet and they are growing" From Nicomachean Ethics
A Philosopher
Discovers the undiscovered
Attempts to uncover
the impossible
Crawls deep into the dark
of our actions
They give us words
so we can properly
support our ideas
They challenge everything
they are told!
They take big ideas in life
and make them smaller
They challenge people to
think on their own
Philosopher is a small word
for such an amazing person
Discovers the undiscovered
Attempts to uncover
the impossible
Crawls deep into the dark
of our actions
They give us words
so we can properly
support our ideas
They challenge everything
they are told!
They take big ideas in life
and make them smaller
They challenge people to
think on their own
Philosopher is a small word
for such an amazing person
Greek Mythology and Religion
In Ancient Greece the citizens were Polytheistic but they soon turned to Christianity because it appealed a large amount of the population. Although the citizens of Ancient Greece believed in many Gods and Goddesses when the majority of the population was still polytheistic. Some of these Gods and Goddesses were:
Greek Name Roman Name Divine Realm
1. Aphrodite
2. Apollo 3. Ares 4. Artemis 5. Athena 6. Demeter 7. Dinoysus 8. Eros 9. Hades 10. Hephaestus 11. Hera 12. Hermes 13. Hestia 14. Pan 15. Persephone 16. Poseidon 17. Zeus |
1. Venus
2. Apollo 3. Mars 4. Diana 5. Minerva 6. Ceres 7. Bacchus 8. Cupid 9. Pluto 10. Vulcan 11. Juno 12. Mercury 13. Vesta 14. Pan 15. Proserpine 16. Neptune 17. Jupiter |
1. Love, Beauty, Fertility
2. Archery, Music, Prophecy, Healing, Light 3. War 4. Hunting, The Moon 5. Wisdom, War 6. The Harvest, Grain, Corn 7. Wine, Festivity, The theater 8. Love, Sexual Desire 9. The underworld, The dead 10. Fire, The forge. Smithery 11. Marriage, Queen of immortals 12. Messenger, Commerce, Science, Doctors 13. The hearth, 14. Wild beasts, the forest 15. Queen of the underworld 16. The sea 17. Thunder, The Heavens, King of immortals |
Rulers of the Greek and Roman Empires
Alexander the Great...
A. Early Childhood
1. Son of Greek Macedonian king (Philip II) determined to prove himself to his father. Rumors have said that he may have had his father assassinated :0
B. Builder of a Huge Empire
1. Conquered Persian Empire as well as parts of Asia and Africa. His goal was to conquer the whole world.
2. Enemies that surrendered without a fight were treated with respect and mercy
C. Accomplishments
1. Spread Greek culture and learning to conquered areas (Hellenization)
2. Spread Asian/ African ideas into Greek society (Cultural Diffusion)
D. Death
1. Died at age 33 without a determined death (Possibly Alcoholism, Malaria, or a broken heart)
A. Early Childhood
1. Son of Greek Macedonian king (Philip II) determined to prove himself to his father. Rumors have said that he may have had his father assassinated :0
B. Builder of a Huge Empire
1. Conquered Persian Empire as well as parts of Asia and Africa. His goal was to conquer the whole world.
2. Enemies that surrendered without a fight were treated with respect and mercy
C. Accomplishments
1. Spread Greek culture and learning to conquered areas (Hellenization)
2. Spread Asian/ African ideas into Greek society (Cultural Diffusion)
D. Death
1. Died at age 33 without a determined death (Possibly Alcoholism, Malaria, or a broken heart)
Julius Caesar...
A. Achievements
1. Roman military general who seized power and became emperor of the Roman Republic from 59 BC to 44 BC
2. Created jobs for poor Romans
3. Forced land owners to use paid workers instead of slaves
4. Distributed land to poor citizens
B. Assassination of Caesar
1. Group of Roman senators, led by Brutus, stabbed him to death outside the Senate building
2. Reason for the murder
a. The Senate feared his control of total power would corrupt and ruin Roman society.
A. Achievements
1. Roman military general who seized power and became emperor of the Roman Republic from 59 BC to 44 BC
2. Created jobs for poor Romans
3. Forced land owners to use paid workers instead of slaves
4. Distributed land to poor citizens
B. Assassination of Caesar
1. Group of Roman senators, led by Brutus, stabbed him to death outside the Senate building
2. Reason for the murder
a. The Senate feared his control of total power would corrupt and ruin Roman society.
Augustus...
Lived from 63 BC to 14 AD
A. Accomplishments
1. Left Rome in Pax Romana or Roman Peace for 207 years
2. Ruled with Mark Anthony and Lepidus for 10 years
3. Stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid public building, and created a very successful system of government
4. Set up a civil service, and paid workers to manage affairs of government
5. The Senate still functioned but the Civil servants slaves administered the empire
Lived from 63 BC to 14 AD
A. Accomplishments
1. Left Rome in Pax Romana or Roman Peace for 207 years
2. Ruled with Mark Anthony and Lepidus for 10 years
3. Stabilized the frontier, glorified Rome with splendid public building, and created a very successful system of government
4. Set up a civil service, and paid workers to manage affairs of government
5. The Senate still functioned but the Civil servants slaves administered the empire
Basic Rome
Geography of Ancient Rome...
1. Was originally built near the Tiber river and at the center of the Italian peninsula
2. Was the midway between the alps and the southern tip of Italy
3. Was the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea
The First Romans...
1. Three groups of first settlers, the Latin's, the Greeks, and the Etruscans
2. Between 1000 to 500 BC the three groups highly influenced the settlement, writing, and cultural diffusion
The Early Republic...
1. They first had a harsh Tyrant so then they declared to never be ruled by a king
2. Voting rights were only given to free-born male citizens
1. Was originally built near the Tiber river and at the center of the Italian peninsula
2. Was the midway between the alps and the southern tip of Italy
3. Was the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea
The First Romans...
1. Three groups of first settlers, the Latin's, the Greeks, and the Etruscans
2. Between 1000 to 500 BC the three groups highly influenced the settlement, writing, and cultural diffusion
The Early Republic...
1. They first had a harsh Tyrant so then they declared to never be ruled by a king
2. Voting rights were only given to free-born male citizens
Terms that refer to the government of the Roman Republic:
1. Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
2. Patrician: An aristocrat/noblemen
3. Plebian: A commoner in Rome
4. Tribune: An official in Rome chosen by the Plebians to protect their interests
5. Consul: An official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the governments citizens and interests there
6. Senate: Any of various retired judges of ancient Rome
7. Dictator: A ruler with total power over a country, typically one who had obtained power by force
8. Legion: A unit of 3000-6000 in Ancient Roman army
1. Republic: A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives
2. Patrician: An aristocrat/noblemen
3. Plebian: A commoner in Rome
4. Tribune: An official in Rome chosen by the Plebians to protect their interests
5. Consul: An official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the governments citizens and interests there
6. Senate: Any of various retired judges of ancient Rome
7. Dictator: A ruler with total power over a country, typically one who had obtained power by force
8. Legion: A unit of 3000-6000 in Ancient Roman army
Government of the Roman Republic
Main jobs of each section...
*Plebians were ordinary peasants and craftsmen.
*Patricians were nobles who owned large estates and descended from the founders of the city.
*The Consuls governed the city and were elected for one year terms. They could not be re-elected until ten years have passed.
*Tribunes were appointed to protect the ordinary people against unfair treatment
*The Magistrates were officials that were appointed to be judge, to look after the cities finances and interests
*The Senate was comprised of retired Magistrates because they had lots of experience and gave advice to the Consuls
Extra Facts:
*The government was a combination of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy
*All citizens that owned land were required to serve in the army
*Plebians were ordinary peasants and craftsmen.
*Patricians were nobles who owned large estates and descended from the founders of the city.
*The Consuls governed the city and were elected for one year terms. They could not be re-elected until ten years have passed.
*Tribunes were appointed to protect the ordinary people against unfair treatment
*The Magistrates were officials that were appointed to be judge, to look after the cities finances and interests
*The Senate was comprised of retired Magistrates because they had lots of experience and gave advice to the Consuls
Extra Facts:
*The government was a combination of Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy
*All citizens that owned land were required to serve in the army
Roman Law
The Twelve Tables were...
The earliest of Roman civil, criminal, and religious law. The Twelve Tables represent the first formal codification of Roman laws and customs. The laws dealt with litigation procedures, debt, family relations, property, and other matters of public and sacred law.
Examples...
Table IV
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be killed quickly
2. If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father
The earliest of Roman civil, criminal, and religious law. The Twelve Tables represent the first formal codification of Roman laws and customs. The laws dealt with litigation procedures, debt, family relations, property, and other matters of public and sacred law.
Examples...
Table IV
1. A dreadfully deformed child shall be killed quickly
2. If a father sells his son three times, the son shall be free from his father
Gladiators
- Gladiator games started as a religious event to entertain the Romans
- Gladiators were condemned criminals, prisoners of war, or slaves
- Professional Gladiators were free men who volunteered to participate in the games
- Participants could earn their freedom if they survived 3 to 5 years of training
- They were allowed to choose their own weapons and were provided with armor
- The early games ended not in a literal death of the participants but in their symbolic death as defeated athletes
- The games were typically fought in large arenas (most famous being the Coliseum
Making of Spartan Soldiers
Spartan soldiers were renowned for their great courage, discipline, and fighting skill. But such qualities did not develop accidentally. Beginning at a very early age, Spartan boys underwent rigorous preparation and training for military life...Children were actually considered to be the property of the Spartan state, the parents having little claim to them...Children were subject to strict discipline from the start, and were taught not to be afraid in the dark, to not be finicky about their food, and to be peevish and tearful...They were taught mainly to endure pain and to preserve in battle.
Wars and Battles
Persian Wars
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Battle of Thermopylae
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Rome fell because...
1. Christianity: The Roman Empire needed a powerful army to keep control of conquered countries. When many Romans became Christians they believed living together without wars and in peace.
2. Slavery: There were too many slaves in the Roman empire and there were not enough jobs for all of the people, because slaves did most of the work.
3. Empire was too big: It was very hard to protect the empire was it was too large. In 285 AD the Roman Empire was divided into two parts with two capitals.
4. Economic Problems: There was not enough food to feed all the people in the empire. Taxes were very high and most of the people were very poor.
5. Invasions: Because the Roman Army became weaker, Barbarians started to invade the empire. In 476 AD the Western Roman Empire ended. The Eastern Roman Empire lasted another hundred years.
2. Slavery: There were too many slaves in the Roman empire and there were not enough jobs for all of the people, because slaves did most of the work.
3. Empire was too big: It was very hard to protect the empire was it was too large. In 285 AD the Roman Empire was divided into two parts with two capitals.
4. Economic Problems: There was not enough food to feed all the people in the empire. Taxes were very high and most of the people were very poor.
5. Invasions: Because the Roman Army became weaker, Barbarians started to invade the empire. In 476 AD the Western Roman Empire ended. The Eastern Roman Empire lasted another hundred years.